It is becoming increasingly popular for the public to invest in socially responsible companies that implement active policies with regard to sustainability and ethical approaches to how they interact with the environment, and other issues related to their business.
Many companies, either directly or indirectly, rely on animal testing, which is an emotive issue. How such a company commissions and/or undertakes animal testing (e.g. its application of the Three Rs concept (Reduction, Refinemen and Replacement) will be part of its overall ethical investment policy.
Combes Consulting provides an external and independent auditing service for ethical investment policies with respect to animal testing.
Selected publications
Combes, R.D . (1991). Use of clinical samples for biomonitoring of genotoxic exposure to pharmaceuticals. In: W. Nimmo (Ed.), Clinical Measurement in Drug Evaluation, Wolfe Medical Publications Limited, London, 173 - 191.
Bottrill, K. & Combes, R.D. (2001). Alternatives to animal testing in microbiology and infectiology. In: Animal Testing in Infectiology, A. Schmidt & O. F. Weber (Eds.), S Karger AG Basel, pp. 89-117.
Combes, R.D . & Balls, M. (2001). Ethical investment –– what is it, and what are the implications for industry funding of research into alternatives? ATLA 29, 55-62.
Orr, S., Alexandre, E., Clark, B., Combes, R ., Fels, L.M., Gray, N., Jnsson-Rylander, A-C., Helin, H., Koistinen, J., Oinonen, T., Richert, L., Ravid, R., Salonen, J., Teesalu, T., Thasler, W., Trafford, J., van der Valk, J., von Versen, R., Weiss, T., Womack, C., Ylikomi, T. (2002). The establishment of a network of European human research tissue banks. Cell and Tissue Banking 3, 133––137.
Combes, R., Berridge, T., Connelly, J., Eve, M.D., Garner, R.C., Toon, S. & Wilcox, P. (2003). Early microdose drug studies in human volunteers can minimise animal testing - Proceedings of a workshop organised by Volunteers in Research and Testing. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19, 1-11.
Bhogal, N., Grindon, C., Combes, R ., Balls, M. (2005). Toxicity testing: creating a revolution based on new technologies. TRENDS in Biotechnology 23 , 299-307.
Combes, R.D. (2006). Alternatives to animal testing. In: Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II Volume 1, (David J Triggle & John B Taylor, Eds.), Elsevier, Oxford, pp 463-487.
Smith, D., Combes, R ., Depelchin, O., Jacobson, S.D., Hack, R., Luft, J., Lammens, L., von Landenberg, F., Phillips, B., Pfister, R., Rabemampianina, Y., Sparrow, Stark, C. & Stephan-Gueldner, M. (2005). Optimising the design of preliminary toxicity studies for pharmaceutical safety testing in the dog. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 41 , 95-101.
Bhogal, N. & Combes, R. (2006). TGN1412: time to change the paradigm for the testing of new pharmaceuticals. ATLA 34 , 225-239.
Bhogal, N. & Combes, R. (2006). The relevance of genetically altered mouse models of human disease. ATLA 34 , 429-454.
Bhogal N & Combes R. (2007). Immuno-stimulatory antibodies: Challenging the drug testing paradigm. Toxicology in Vitro 21 , 1227-1232.
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